In addition, lactate may serve as an alternative carbon source for the surrounding oxygenated cells (32). and triglyceride content in cells. The results revealed a reciprocal interaction between adipocytes and A549 cells, which significantly enhanced A549 cell proliferation and metastasis; whereas, the expression of E-cadherin was decreased and vimentin was increased in A549 cells. Additionally, A549 cells exhibited metabolic reprogramming following co-culture with adipocytes. It was demonstrated that lipid droplets accumulation, glucose consumption and lactate production increased in tumor cells exposed to adipocytes. Furthermore, adipocytes co-cultured with A549 cells exhibited a decrease in the number and size of lipid droplets, a decrease in the intracellular triglyceride content and a significant increase in the release of free fatty acids. These findings 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid highlighted the crucial role of adipocytes in the modulation of lung adenocarcinoma 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid A549 cell metabolism and suggested the involvement of adipocytes in lung cancer progression. lipogenesis. Increased glucose uptake and lactate production are characteristics of the Warburg effect, which is the fastest way for cancer cells to produce adenosine 5-triphosphate via glycolysis (31), allowing them to efficiently gain metabolic autonomy in the tumor microenvironment (31). The resulting production of lactate by highly glycolytic cells is known to enhance the growth of invasive cancer cells (32). In addition, lactate may serve as an alternative carbon source for the surrounding oxygenated cells (32). Previous research has demonstrated that bone marrow adipocytes promote the expression of glycolytic enzymes, increase lactate production and decrease mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (15). The present study additionally demonstrated that adipocytes were capable of altering the Warburg phenotype in A549 cells through paracrine signaling: A549 cells cultured in Ad-CCM consumed more glucose and produced more lactate, compared with A549 cells 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid cultured in Ad-CM or normal medium. A previous report indicated that the interaction between adipocytes and cancer cells ultimately affects cancer cell metabolism, allowing for adaptive survival in the metastatic niche (33). Previous literature and the findings of the present study highlight the potential for characterization of adipocyte-cancer cell interactions, to provide a better understanding of lung cancer progression, and to identify avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Acknowledgements The authors thank Professor Shan Gao (Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College, Anhui Medical University) for his technical assistance. Funding The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81402427) and the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui (grant no. 1408085QH165). Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Authors’ contributions FFL conceived, designed and supervised the study. HZ made the experiment, analyzed and interpreted the data, and was a principal contributor in writing the manuscript. JJL and YNC performed the partial experiments. XD and CG performed Rabbit polyclonal to RB1 the data collection and participated in the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests..