Most of the tumor therapies focus on the activation of cell apoptosis; however, as a consequence, cell proliferation raises, eventually defending the tumor against damage [45]. transition, arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase in glioma cells. The NDs did not impact the cell cycle as well as and manifestation in normal cells (Hs5), although it can be assumed Anisole Methoxybenzene the NDs reduced proliferation and modified the cell cycle in fast dividing cells. genes, and also to lower the tumor mass and volume [18,19]. In in vitro studies, it has been observed that NDs inhibit the adhesion of U87 and U118 cells, therefore leading to suppression of migration and invasiveness, through modulation of the epidermal growth element receptor/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (EGFR/AKT/mTOR) pathway as well as by reducing the manifestation of -catenin [20]. -catenin is definitely a multifunctional protein involved in cellCcell adhesion, induction of cell proliferation in a variety of tumors, and rules of the cell cycle [21]. In the light of modified activity of the EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathway and decreased -catenin manifestation in the nucleus, we hypothesized that NDs can decrease proliferation by arresting the cell cycle of glioblastoma cells. As reduced proliferation can be caused by the arrest of the cell cycle in different phases, we decided to investigate the genes related to G1/S phase transition, namely, retinoblastoma protein (genes were assessed. 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. Characterization of NDs and Analysis of Cell Viability The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, X-ray diffraction (XRD) diagram, results of the zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) of NDs are offered in Number 1. The TEM analyses were used to examine the morphology of the nanoparticles. Additionally, DLS analysis was performed to determine the average hydrodynamic diameter of NDs. The zeta potential was analyzed to characterize the surface charges and the stability of the ND suspensions [22]. The NDs were 4C5 nm in diameter and spherical in shape. The XRD analysis showed three reflections and the position and width of these reflections corresponded to the lattice guidelines characteristic of diamond nanoparticles [23]. The zeta potential of Anisole Methoxybenzene the hydrocolloid NDs was +28.9 with a standard deviation 6.64 which indicates an incipient instability. The size distribution shows the presence of three fractions of particles with sizes of 4, 5, and 20 nm. The biggest fractions were probably the result of agglomeration of the smaller ones. The surface practical groups of NDs have been described in our earlier publication [24]. Kurantowicz et al. [24] acquired Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra for NDs. Probably the most intense band at 3430C3444 cm?1 point to the O?H stretching vibrations of hydroxyl organizations in adsorbed water molecules, structural OH organizations, and carboxylic acids. Peaks at 1720C1757 cm?1 are characteristic for C=O stretching vibrations from carbonyl and carboxylic organizations and at 1239C1261 cm?1 caused by C?O?C stretching vibrations from epoxy-functional organizations. Open in a separate window Number 1 Physicochemical analyses (TEM, DLS, XRD) of diamond nanoparticles (NDs). Level bar signifies 50 nm. TEM, transmission electron microscopy; DLS, dynamic light scattering; XRD, X-ray diffraction. The physicochemical guidelines of NDs were much like those previously explained [25,26,27,28]. In order to evaluate the Anisole Methoxybenzene ND toxicity in GBM (U87, U118) and normal (Hs5) cells, the cell morphology and survival rate were examined. The images of cells treated with 5 and 50 g/mL ND concentrations are demonstrated in Anisole Methoxybenzene Number 2. After 24 h, when compared to the control, the treated Rabbit Polyclonal to HNRPLL U87 and U118 cells showed no changes in morphology but were found to be less dense whatsoever concentrations. However, when the cells were incubated with 50 g/mL of ND for 72 h, they exhibited decreased cell denseness and morphological changes such as the formation of round-shaped cells, cell shrinkage, and spherical cellular protrusions.